{"id":9858,"date":"2021-12-14T19:40:35","date_gmt":"2021-12-14T17:40:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/?p=9858"},"modified":"2022-01-26T14:11:14","modified_gmt":"2022-01-26T12:11:14","slug":"simulation-of-cells-for-signals-intensity-transformation-in-mixed-image-processors-and-activation-functions-of-neurons-in-neural-networks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/?p=9858","title":{"rendered":"Simulation of cells for signals intensity transformation in mixed image processors and activation functions of neurons in neural networks"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SIMULATION OF CELLS FOR SIGNALS INTENSITY TRANSFORMATION IN MIXED IMAGE PROCESSORS AND ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS IN NEURAL NETWORKS<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u041c\u041e\u0414\u0415\u041b\u042e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u041d\u042f \u041a\u041e\u041c\u0406\u0420\u041e\u041a \u0414\u041b\u042f \u041f\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0422\u0412\u041e\u0420\u0415\u041d\u041d\u042f \u0406\u041d\u0422\u0415\u041d\u0421\u0418\u0412\u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0406 \u0421\u0418\u0413\u041d\u0410\u041b\u0406\u0412 \u0423 \u0413\u0406\u0411\u0420\u0418\u0414\u041d\u0418\u0425 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0426\u0415\u0421\u041e\u0420\u0410\u0425 \u0417\u041e\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0416\u0415\u041d\u042c \u0422\u0410 \u0420\u0415\u0410\u041b\u0406\u0417\u0410\u0426\u0406\u0407 \u0424\u0423\u041d\u041a\u0426\u0406\u0419 \u0410\u041a\u0422\u0418\u0412\u0410\u0426\u0406\u0407 \u041d\u0415\u0419\u0420\u041e\u041d\u0406\u0412 \u0423 \u041d\u0415\u0419\u0420\u041e\u041d\u041d\u0418\u0425 \u041c\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0416\u0410\u0425<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0438: 12<\/strong><strong>7-135<\/strong><strong>. \u041d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u21165, 2021 (301)<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/301-text_2021_5_t-127-135.pdf\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69 alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"76\" height=\"32\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438:<\/strong><br \/>\nKRASILENKO VLADIMIR<br \/>\nVinnytsia National Agrarian University<br \/>\nORCID ID: 0000-0001-6528-3150<br \/>\ne-mail: krasvg@i.ua<br \/>\nLAZAREV ALEXANDER, NIKITOVICH Diana<br \/>\nVinnytsia National Technical University<br \/>\nORCID ID: 0000-0003-1176-5650; 0000-0002-8907-1221<br \/>\ne-mail: diananikitovych@gmail.com<br \/>\n\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412. \u0413.<br \/>\n\u0412\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442<br \/>\n\u041b\u0410\u0417\u0410\u0420\u0404\u0412 \u041e.\u041e., \u041d\u0406\u041a\u0406\u0422\u041e\u0412\u0418\u0427 \u0414.\u0412.<br \/>\n\u0412\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442<br \/>\n<strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.31891\/2307-5732-2021-301-5-127-135\">https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.31891\/2307-5732-2021-301-5-127-135<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0456\u044f\/Peer review <\/strong>: 16.09.2021\u0440.<br \/>\n<strong>\u041d\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\/Printed :<\/strong> 10.10.2021 \u0440.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0410\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Abstract <strong>&#8211; <\/strong>The paper considers results of design, simulation of continuously logical pixel cells (CLPC) based on current mirrors (CM) with functions of preliminary analogue processing for image intensity transformation and coding for construction of mixed image processors (IP) and neural networks (NN). The methodology and principles of construction of such cells are based on the use of piecewise-linear approximation of functions for nonlinear transformation of analog signals. It is shown that for the realization of generalized arbitrary functions by such gamma correctors, it is possible to apply basic step functions with controlled parameters. To implement the basic step functions, it is proposed to use nodes that perform a continuous-logical operation of a limited current difference and are quite simply implemented on current reflectors (VDS). The design and modeling of continuous-logical pixel cells (CLPC) based on VDS in different modes and for different conversion functions. Such CLC has a number of advantages: high speed and reliability, simplicity, small power consumption, high integration level for linear and matrix structures. We show design of CLC variants for photocurrents transformation and their simulations. The basic element of such cells is a scheme that implements the operation of a bounded difference of continuous logic. Using a set of circuits implemented on CMOS technology, we consider generalized methods for designing cells for nonlinear conversion of the photocurrent intensity. Selection of the appropriate parameters, which can be specified as constructive constants or as parameters for external control, allows changing type of synthesized functions. Possibilities of synthesis by such cells of functions with descending sections and different types are shown: sigmoid, lambda and others. \u00a0Such CLPCs consist of several dozen CMOS transistors, have low power supply voltage (1.8 \u00f7 3.3V), the range of an input photocurrent is 0.1\u00f724\u03bcA, the transformation time is less than 1 \u03bcs, low power consumption (microwatts). The circuits and the simulation results of their design with OrCAD are shown. Examples of nonlinear image transformations are given.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> self-learning equivalent-convolutional neural structures, equivalent models, continuous-logical operations, 2D spatial function, neuron-equivalentor, current mirror, image intensity transformation, nonlinear processing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0410\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f &#8211; \u0423 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f 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\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0435\u043a\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0440\u043e\u043d-\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0432\u0456\u0434-\u0434\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0447 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Krasilenko, V. G., Saletsky, F. M., Yatskovsky, V. I., Konate, K., &#8220;Continuous logic equivalence models of Hamming neural network architectures with adaptive-correlated weighting,&#8221; Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3402, pp. 398-408 (1998).<\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko, V. G., Magas, A. T., &#8220;Multiport optical associative memory based on matrix-matrix equivalentors,&#8221; Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3055, pp. 137 &#8211; 146 (1997).<\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko, V. G., Lazarev, A., Grabovlyak, S., &#8220;Design and simulation of a multiport neural network heteroassociative memory for optical pattern recognitions,&#8221; \u0420r\u043e\u0441. of S\u0420\u0406\u0415 V\u043el. 8398, 83980N-1 (2012).<\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko V. G., Alexander A. Lazarev, Diana V. Nikitovich, &#8220;Experimental research of methods for clustering and selecting image fragments using spatial invariant equivalent models,&#8221; Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9286, 928650 (2014).<\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko, V. G., Nikolskyy, A. I., and Flavitskaya, J. A., &#8220;The Structures of Optical Neural Nets Based on New Matrix_Tensor Equivalently Models (MTEMs) and Results of Modeling,&#8221; Optical Memory and Neural Networks (Information Optics) Vol. 19 (1), 31\u201338 (2010).<\/li>\n<li>LeCun and Y. Bengio. Convolutional networks for images, speech, and time-series. In M. A. Arbib, editor, The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. MIT Press, 1995.<\/li>\n<li>Shafiee et al., &#8220;ISAAC: A Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator with In-Situ Analog Arithmetic in Crossbars,&#8221; 2016 ACM\/IEEE 43rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), Seoul, 2016, pp. 14-26. doi: 10.1109\/ISCA.2016.12<\/li>\n<li>Di Zang, Zhenliang Chai, Junqi Zhang, Dongdong Zhang, Jiujun Cheng, &#8220;Vehicle license plate recognition using visual attention model and deep learning,&#8221; Journal of Electronic Imaging 24(3), 033001 (4 May 2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JEI.24.3.033001\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JEI.24.3.033001<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko V.G., Lazarev A.A., Nikitovich D.V., &#8220;Modeling and possible implementation of self-learning equivalence-convolutional neural structures for auto-encoding-decoding and clusterization of images,&#8221; Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 10453, 104532N (2017)<\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko V.G., Lazarev A.A., Nikitovich D.V., &#8220;Modeling of biologically motivated self-learning equivalent-convolutional recurrent-multilayer neural structures (BLM_SL_EC_RMNS) for image fragments clustering and recognition,&#8221; Proc. SPIE 10609, MIPPR 2017: Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, 106091D (8 March 2018); doi: 10.1117\/12.2285797; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2285797\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2285797<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko V. G., Lazarev A. A., Nikitovich D. V., &#8220;Design and simulation of optoelectronic neuron equivalentors as hardware accelerators of self-learning equivalent convolutional neural structures (SLECNS),&#8221; Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 10689, 106890C (2018).<\/li>\n<li>Schlottmann, C. R., Hasler, P. E., &#8220;A Highly Dense, Low Power, Programmable Analog Vector-Matrix Multiplier: The FPAA Implementation,&#8221; in IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 403-411, Sept. 2011. doi: 10.1109\/JETCAS.2011.2165755<\/li>\n<li>Krasilenko, V. G., Nikolskyy, A. I., Lazarev A.A., &#8220;Designing and simulation smart multifunctional continuous logic device as a basic cell of advanced high-performance sensor systems with MIMO-structure,&#8221; Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9450, 94500N (2015)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[58],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9858"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9858"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9858\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10658,"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9858\/revisions\/10658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.khnu.km.ua\/vestnik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}